Replace async_trait with AFIT / RPITIT (#2308)

Co-authored-by: Jonas Platte <jplatte+git@posteo.de>

69 files changed, 115 insertions, 266 deletions

diff --git a/axum-core/Cargo.toml b/axum-core/Cargo.toml
index 045a3562..69c5aa18 100644
--- a/axum-core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/axum-core/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ tracing = ["dep:tracing"]
 __private_docs = ["dep:tower-http"]
 
 [dependencies]
-async-trait = "0.1.67"
 bytes = "1.2"
 futures-util = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"] }
 http = "1.0.0"
diff --git a/axum-core/src/ext_traits/mod.rs b/axum-core/src/ext_traits/mod.rs
index 4c98b143..951a12d7 100644
--- a/axum-core/src/ext_traits/mod.rs
+++ b/axum-core/src/ext_traits/mod.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,11 @@ mod tests {
     use std::convert::Infallible;
 
     use crate::extract::{FromRef, FromRequestParts};
-    use async_trait::async_trait;
     use http::request::Parts;
 
     #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
     pub(crate) struct State<S>(pub(crate) S);
 
-    #[async_trait]
     impl<OuterState, InnerState> FromRequestParts<OuterState> for State<InnerState>
     where
         InnerState: FromRef<OuterState>,
@@ -33,7 +31,6 @@ mod tests {
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub(crate) struct RequiresState(pub(crate) String);
 
-    #[async_trait]
     impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for RequiresState
     where
         S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-core/src/ext_traits/request.rs b/axum-core/src/ext_traits/request.rs
index 5b7aee78..1123fdd3 100644
--- a/axum-core/src/ext_traits/request.rs
+++ b/axum-core/src/ext_traits/request.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::body::Body;
 use crate::extract::{DefaultBodyLimitKind, FromRequest, FromRequestParts, Request};
-use futures_util::future::BoxFuture;
+use std::future::Future;
 
 mod sealed {
     pub trait Sealed {}
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use axum::{
-    ///     async_trait,
     ///     extract::{Request, FromRequest},
     ///     body::Body,
     ///     http::{header::CONTENT_TYPE, StatusCode},
@@ -30,7 +29,6 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///
     /// struct FormOrJson<T>(T);
     ///
-    /// #[async_trait]
     /// impl<S, T> FromRequest<S> for FormOrJson<T>
     /// where
     ///     Json<T>: FromRequest<()>,
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///     }
     /// }
     /// ```
-    fn extract<E, M>(self) -> BoxFuture<'static, Result<E, E::Rejection>>
+    fn extract<E, M>(self) -> impl Future<Output = Result<E, E::Rejection>> + Send
     where
         E: FromRequest<(), M> + 'static,
         M: 'static;
@@ -83,7 +81,6 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use axum::{
-    ///     async_trait,
     ///     body::Body,
     ///     extract::{Request, FromRef, FromRequest},
     ///     RequestExt,
@@ -93,7 +90,6 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///     requires_state: RequiresState,
     /// }
     ///
-    /// #[async_trait]
     /// impl<S> FromRequest<S> for MyExtractor
     /// where
     ///     String: FromRef<S>,
@@ -111,7 +107,6 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     /// // some extractor that consumes the request body and requires state
     /// struct RequiresState { /* ... */ }
     ///
-    /// #[async_trait]
     /// impl<S> FromRequest<S> for RequiresState
     /// where
     ///     String: FromRef<S>,
@@ -124,7 +119,10 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///     # }
     /// }
     /// ```
-    fn extract_with_state<E, S, M>(self, state: &S) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<E, E::Rejection>>
+    fn extract_with_state<E, S, M>(
+        self,
+        state: &S,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<E, E::Rejection>> + Send
     where
         E: FromRequest<S, M> + 'static,
         S: Send + Sync;
@@ -137,7 +135,6 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use axum::{
-    ///     async_trait,
     ///     extract::{Path, Request, FromRequest},
     ///     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
     ///     body::Body,
@@ -154,7 +151,6 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///     payload: T,
     /// }
     ///
-    /// #[async_trait]
     /// impl<S, T> FromRequest<S> for MyExtractor<T>
     /// where
     ///     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -179,7 +175,7 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///     }
     /// }
     /// ```
-    fn extract_parts<E>(&mut self) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<E, E::Rejection>>
+    fn extract_parts<E>(&mut self) -> impl Future<Output = Result<E, E::Rejection>> + Send
     where
         E: FromRequestParts<()> + 'static;
 
@@ -191,7 +187,6 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use axum::{
-    ///     async_trait,
     ///     extract::{Request, FromRef, FromRequest, FromRequestParts},
     ///     http::request::Parts,
     ///     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
@@ -204,7 +199,6 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///     payload: T,
     /// }
     ///
-    /// #[async_trait]
     /// impl<S, T> FromRequest<S> for MyExtractor<T>
     /// where
     ///     String: FromRef<S>,
@@ -234,7 +228,6 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///
     /// struct RequiresState {}
     ///
-    /// #[async_trait]
     /// impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for RequiresState
     /// where
     ///     String: FromRef<S>,
@@ -250,7 +243,7 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     fn extract_parts_with_state<'a, E, S>(
         &'a mut self,
         state: &'a S,
-    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<E, E::Rejection>>
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<E, E::Rejection>> + Send + 'a
     where
         E: FromRequestParts<S> + 'static,
         S: Send + Sync;
@@ -267,7 +260,7 @@ pub trait RequestExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
 }
 
 impl RequestExt for Request {
-    fn extract<E, M>(self) -> BoxFuture<'static, Result<E, E::Rejection>>
+    fn extract<E, M>(self) -> impl Future<Output = Result<E, E::Rejection>> + Send
     where
         E: FromRequest<(), M> + 'static,
         M: 'static,
@@ -275,7 +268,10 @@ impl RequestExt for Request {
         self.extract_with_state(&())
     }
 
-    fn extract_with_state<E, S, M>(self, state: &S) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<E, E::Rejection>>
+    fn extract_with_state<E, S, M>(
+        self,
+        state: &S,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<E, E::Rejection>> + Send
     where
         E: FromRequest<S, M> + 'static,
         S: Send + Sync,
@@ -283,17 +279,17 @@ impl RequestExt for Request {
         E::from_request(self, state)
     }
 
-    fn extract_parts<E>(&mut self) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<E, E::Rejection>>
+    fn extract_parts<E>(&mut self) -> impl Future<Output = Result<E, E::Rejection>> + Send
     where
         E: FromRequestParts<()> + 'static,
     {
         self.extract_parts_with_state(&())
     }
 
-    fn extract_parts_with_state<'a, E, S>(
+    async fn extract_parts_with_state<'a, E, S>(
         &'a mut self,
         state: &'a S,
-    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<E, E::Rejection>>
+    ) -> Result<E, E::Rejection>
     where
         E: FromRequestParts<S> + 'static,
         S: Send + Sync,
@@ -306,17 +302,15 @@ impl RequestExt for Request {
         *req.extensions_mut() = std::mem::take(self.extensions_mut());
         let (mut parts, ()) = req.into_parts();
 
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let result = E::from_request_parts(&mut parts, state).await;
+        let result = E::from_request_parts(&mut parts, state).await;
 
-            *self.version_mut() = parts.version;
-            *self.method_mut() = parts.method.clone();
-            *self.uri_mut() = parts.uri.clone();
-            *self.headers_mut() = std::mem::take(&mut parts.headers);
-            *self.extensions_mut() = std::mem::take(&mut parts.extensions);
+        *self.version_mut() = parts.version;
+        *self.method_mut() = parts.method.clone();
+        *self.uri_mut() = parts.uri.clone();
+        *self.headers_mut() = std::mem::take(&mut parts.headers);
+        *self.extensions_mut() = std::mem::take(&mut parts.extensions);
 
-            result
-        })
+        result
     }
 
     fn with_limited_body(self) -> Request {
@@ -345,7 +339,6 @@ mod tests {
         ext_traits::tests::{RequiresState, State},
         extract::FromRef,
     };
-    use async_trait::async_trait;
     use http::Method;
 
     #[tokio::test]
@@ -414,7 +407,6 @@ mod tests {
         body: String,
     }
 
-    #[async_trait]
     impl<S> FromRequest<S> for WorksForCustomExtractor
     where
         S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-core/src/ext_traits/request_parts.rs b/axum-core/src/ext_traits/request_parts.rs
index e7063f4d..9e1a3d1c 100644
--- a/axum-core/src/ext_traits/request_parts.rs
+++ b/axum-core/src/ext_traits/request_parts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::extract::FromRequestParts;
-use futures_util::future::BoxFuture;
 use http::request::Parts;
+use std::future::Future;
 
 mod sealed {
     pub trait Sealed {}
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ pub trait RequestPartsExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///     response::{Response, IntoResponse},
     ///     http::request::Parts,
     ///     RequestPartsExt,
-    ///     async_trait,
     /// };
     /// use std::collections::HashMap;
     ///
@@ -30,7 +29,6 @@ pub trait RequestPartsExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///     query_params: HashMap<String, String>,
     /// }
     ///
-    /// #[async_trait]
     /// impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for MyExtractor
     /// where
     ///     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ pub trait RequestPartsExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///     }
     /// }
     /// ```
-    fn extract<E>(&mut self) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<E, E::Rejection>>
+    fn extract<E>(&mut self) -> impl Future<Output = Result<E, E::Rejection>> + Send
     where
         E: FromRequestParts<()> + 'static;
 
@@ -70,14 +68,12 @@ pub trait RequestPartsExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     ///     response::{Response, IntoResponse},
     ///     http::request::Parts,
     ///     RequestPartsExt,
-    ///     async_trait,
     /// };
     ///
     /// struct MyExtractor {
     ///     requires_state: RequiresState,
     /// }
     ///
-    /// #[async_trait]
     /// impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for MyExtractor
     /// where
     ///     String: FromRef<S>,
@@ -97,7 +93,6 @@ pub trait RequestPartsExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     /// struct RequiresState { /* ... */ }
     ///
     /// // some extractor that requires a `String` in the state
-    /// #[async_trait]
     /// impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for RequiresState
     /// where
     ///     String: FromRef<S>,
@@ -113,14 +108,14 @@ pub trait RequestPartsExt: sealed::Sealed + Sized {
     fn extract_with_state<'a, E, S>(
         &'a mut self,
         state: &'a S,
-    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<E, E::Rejection>>
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<E, E::Rejection>> + Send + 'a
     where
         E: FromRequestParts<S> + 'static,
         S: Send + Sync;
 }
 
 impl RequestPartsExt for Parts {
-    fn extract<E>(&mut self) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<E, E::Rejection>>
+    fn extract<E>(&mut self) -> impl Future<Output = Result<E, E::Rejection>> + Send
     where
         E: FromRequestParts<()> + 'static,
     {
@@ -130,7 +125,7 @@ impl RequestPartsExt for Parts {
     fn extract_with_state<'a, E, S>(
         &'a mut self,
         state: &'a S,
-    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<E, E::Rejection>>
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<E, E::Rejection>> + Send + 'a
     where
         E: FromRequestParts<S> + 'static,
         S: Send + Sync,
@@ -148,7 +143,6 @@ mod tests {
         ext_traits::tests::{RequiresState, State},
         extract::FromRef,
     };
-    use async_trait::async_trait;
     use http::{Method, Request};
 
     #[tokio::test]
@@ -181,7 +175,6 @@ mod tests {
         from_state: String,
     }
 
-    #[async_trait]
     impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for WorksForCustomExtractor
     where
         S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-core/src/extract/mod.rs b/axum-core/src/extract/mod.rs
index f59c1ead..1baa8935 100644
--- a/axum-core/src/extract/mod.rs
+++ b/axum-core/src/extract/mod.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 //! [`axum::extract`]: https://docs.rs/axum/0.7/axum/extract/index.html
 
 use crate::{body::Body, response::IntoResponse};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use http::request::Parts;
 use std::convert::Infallible;
+use std::future::Future;
 
 pub mod rejection;
 
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ mod private {
 /// See [`axum::extract`] for more general docs about extractors.
 ///
 /// [`axum::extract`]: https://docs.rs/axum/0.7/axum/extract/index.html
-#[async_trait]
 #[rustversion::attr(
     since(1.78),
     diagnostic::on_unimplemented(
@@ -55,7 +54,10 @@ pub trait FromRequestParts<S>: Sized {
     type Rejection: IntoResponse;
 
     /// Perform the extraction.
-    async fn from_request_parts(parts: &mut Parts, state: &S) -> Result<Self, Self::Rejection>;
+    fn from_request_parts(
+        parts: &mut Parts,
+        state: &S,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Self, Self::Rejection>> + Send;
 }
 
 /// Types that can be created from requests.
@@ -69,7 +71,6 @@ pub trait FromRequestParts<S>: Sized {
 /// See [`axum::extract`] for more general docs about extractors.
 ///
 /// [`axum::extract`]: https://docs.rs/axum/0.7/axum/extract/index.html
-#[async_trait]
 #[rustversion::attr(
     since(1.78),
     diagnostic::on_unimplemented(
@@ -82,10 +83,12 @@ pub trait FromRequest<S, M = private::ViaRequest>: Sized {
     type Rejection: IntoResponse;
 
     /// Perform the extraction.
-    async fn from_request(req: Request, state: &S) -> Result<Self, Self::Rejection>;
+    fn from_request(
+        req: Request,
+        state: &S,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Self, Self::Rejection>> + Send;
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, T> FromRequest<S, private::ViaParts> for T
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -99,7 +102,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, T> FromRequestParts<S> for Option<T>
 where
     T: FromRequestParts<S>,
@@ -115,7 +117,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, T> FromRequest<S> for Option<T>
 where
     T: FromRequest<S>,
@@ -128,7 +129,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, T> FromRequestParts<S> for Result<T, T::Rejection>
 where
     T: FromRequestParts<S>,
@@ -141,7 +141,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, T> FromRequest<S> for Result<T, T::Rejection>
 where
     T: FromRequest<S>,
diff --git a/axum-core/src/extract/request_parts.rs b/axum-core/src/extract/request_parts.rs
index 5663ddd4..695f7e1e 100644
--- a/axum-core/src/extract/request_parts.rs
+++ b/axum-core/src/extract/request_parts.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 use super::{rejection::*, FromRequest, FromRequestParts, Request};
 use crate::{body::Body, RequestExt};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use bytes::{BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};
 use http::{request::Parts, Extensions, HeaderMap, Method, Uri, Version};
 use http_body_util::BodyExt;
 use std::convert::Infallible;
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for Request
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -18,7 +16,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for Method
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -30,7 +27,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for Uri
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -42,7 +38,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for Version
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -59,7 +54,6 @@ where
 /// Prefer using [`TypedHeader`] to extract only the headers you need.
 ///
 /// [`TypedHeader`]: https://docs.rs/axum/0.7/axum/extract/struct.TypedHeader.html
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for HeaderMap
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -71,7 +65,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for BytesMut
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -102,7 +95,6 @@ async fn body_to_bytes_mut(body: &mut Body, bytes: &mut BytesMut) -> Result<(),
     Ok(())
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for Bytes
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -121,7 +113,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for String
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -143,7 +134,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for Parts
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -155,7 +145,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for Extensions
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -167,7 +156,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for Body
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-core/src/extract/tuple.rs b/axum-core/src/extract/tuple.rs
index 021b9616..cbd91a7f 100644
--- a/axum-core/src/extract/tuple.rs
+++ b/axum-core/src/extract/tuple.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 use super::{FromRequest, FromRequestParts, Request};
 use crate::response::{IntoResponse, Response};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use http::request::Parts;
 use std::convert::Infallible;
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for ()
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -20,7 +18,6 @@ macro_rules! impl_from_request {
     (
         [$($ty:ident),*], $last:ident
     ) => {
-        #[async_trait]
         #[allow(non_snake_case, unused_mut, unused_variables)]
         impl<S, $($ty,)* $last> FromRequestParts<S> for ($($ty,)* $last,)
         where
@@ -46,7 +43,6 @@ macro_rules! impl_from_request {
 
         // This impl must not be generic over M, otherwise it would conflict with the blanket
         // implementation of `FromRequest<S, Mut>` for `T: FromRequestParts<S>`.
-        #[async_trait]
         #[allow(non_snake_case, unused_mut, unused_variables)]
         impl<S, $($ty,)* $last> FromRequest<S> for ($($ty,)* $last,)
         where
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/either.rs b/axum-extra/src/either.rs
index 2742debb..9fa1f82f 100755
--- a/axum-extra/src/either.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/either.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 //! use axum::{
 //!     body::Bytes,
 //!     Router,
-//!     async_trait,
 //!     routing::get,
 //!     extract::FromRequestParts,
 //! };
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@
 //! // extractors for checking permissions
 //! struct AdminPermissions {}
 //!
-//! #[async_trait]
 //! impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for AdminPermissions
 //! where
 //!     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -29,7 +27,6 @@
 //!
 //! struct User {}
 //!
-//! #[async_trait]
 //! impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for User
 //! where
 //!     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -96,7 +93,6 @@
 use std::task::{Context, Poll};
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::FromRequestParts,
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
 };
@@ -236,7 +232,6 @@ macro_rules! impl_traits_for_either {
         [$($ident:ident),* $(,)?],
         $last:ident $(,)?
     ) => {
-        #[async_trait]
         impl<S, $($ident),*, $last> FromRequestParts<S> for $either<$($ident),*, $last>
         where
             $($ident: FromRequestParts<S>),*,
@@ -247,12 +242,12 @@ macro_rules! impl_traits_for_either {
 
             async fn from_request_parts(parts: &mut Parts, state: &S) -> Result<Self, Self::Rejection> {
                 $(
-                    if let Ok(value) = FromRequestParts::from_request_parts(parts, state).await {
+                    if let Ok(value) = <$ident as FromRequestParts<S>>::from_request_parts(parts, state).await {
                         return Ok(Self::$ident(value));
                     }
                 )*
 
-                FromRequestParts::from_request_parts(parts, state).await.map(Self::$last)
+                <$last as FromRequestParts<S>>::from_request_parts(parts, state).await.map(Self::$last)
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/extract/cached.rs b/axum-extra/src/extract/cached.rs
index f9714eb0..64b4c305 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/extract/cached.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/extract/cached.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-use axum::{
-    async_trait,
-    extract::{Extension, FromRequestParts},
-};
+use axum::extract::{Extension, FromRequestParts};
 use http::request::Parts;
 
 /// Cache results of other extractors.
@@ -19,7 +16,6 @@ use http::request::Parts;
 /// ```rust
 /// use axum_extra::extract::Cached;
 /// use axum::{
-///     async_trait,
 ///     extract::FromRequestParts,
 ///     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
 ///     http::{StatusCode, request::Parts},
@@ -28,7 +24,6 @@ use http::request::Parts;
 /// #[derive(Clone)]
 /// struct Session { /* ... */ }
 ///
-/// #[async_trait]
 /// impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for Session
 /// where
 ///     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -43,7 +38,6 @@ use http::request::Parts;
 ///
 /// struct CurrentUser { /* ... */ }
 ///
-/// #[async_trait]
 /// impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for CurrentUser
 /// where
 ///     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -86,7 +80,6 @@ pub struct Cached<T>(pub T);
 #[derive(Clone)]
 struct CachedEntry<T>(T);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, T> FromRequestParts<S> for Cached<T>
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -125,7 +118,6 @@ mod tests {
         #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
         struct Extractor(Instant);
 
-        #[async_trait]
         impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for Extractor
         where
             S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/mod.rs b/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/mod.rs
index efd2dcdf..50fa6031 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/mod.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/mod.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 //! See [`CookieJar`], [`SignedCookieJar`], and [`PrivateCookieJar`] for more details.
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::FromRequestParts,
     response::{IntoResponse, IntoResponseParts, Response, ResponseParts},
 };
@@ -90,7 +89,6 @@ pub struct CookieJar {
     jar: cookie::CookieJar,
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for CookieJar
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/private.rs b/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/private.rs
index 911b0ef2..3a7d0bee 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/private.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/private.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use super::{cookies_from_request, set_cookies, Cookie, Key};
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{FromRef, FromRequestParts},
     response::{IntoResponse, IntoResponseParts, Response, ResponseParts},
 };
@@ -122,7 +121,6 @@ impl<K> fmt::Debug for PrivateCookieJar<K> {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, K> FromRequestParts<S> for PrivateCookieJar<K>
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/signed.rs b/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/signed.rs
index b65df79f..87ba5444 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/signed.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/signed.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use super::{cookies_from_request, set_cookies};
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{FromRef, FromRequestParts},
     response::{IntoResponse, IntoResponseParts, Response, ResponseParts},
 };
@@ -139,7 +138,6 @@ impl<K> fmt::Debug for SignedCookieJar<K> {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, K> FromRequestParts<S> for SignedCookieJar<K>
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/extract/form.rs b/axum-extra/src/extract/form.rs
index 453e7823..a7ca9305 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/extract/form.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/extract/form.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{rejection::RawFormRejection, FromRequest, RawForm, Request},
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
     Error, RequestExt,
@@ -44,7 +43,6 @@ pub struct Form<T>(pub T);
 
 axum_core::__impl_deref!(Form);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<T, S> FromRequest<S> for Form<T>
 where
     T: DeserializeOwned,
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/extract/json_deserializer.rs b/axum-extra/src/extract/json_deserializer.rs
index 03f1a419..4a84a724 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/extract/json_deserializer.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/extract/json_deserializer.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use axum::async_trait;
 use axum::extract::{FromRequest, Request};
 use axum_core::__composite_rejection as composite_rejection;
 use axum_core::__define_rejection as define_rejection;
@@ -84,7 +83,6 @@ pub struct JsonDeserializer<T> {
     _marker: PhantomData<T>,
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<T, S> FromRequest<S> for JsonDeserializer<T>
 where
     T: Deserialize<'static>,
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/extract/multipart.rs b/axum-extra/src/extract/multipart.rs
index 70f04866..cbbdfd42 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/extract/multipart.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/extract/multipart.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 //! See [`Multipart`] for more details.
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     body::{Body, Bytes},
     extract::FromRequest,
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
@@ -90,7 +89,6 @@ pub struct Multipart {
     inner: multer::Multipart<'static>,
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for Multipart
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/extract/optional_path.rs b/axum-extra/src/extract/optional_path.rs
index 9bbd9db4..5824e600 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/extract/optional_path.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/extract/optional_path.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{path::ErrorKind, rejection::PathRejection, FromRequestParts, Path},
     RequestPartsExt,
 };
@@ -35,7 +34,6 @@ use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct OptionalPath<T>(pub Option<T>);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<T, S> FromRequestParts<S> for OptionalPath<T>
 where
     T: DeserializeOwned + Send + 'static,
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/extract/query.rs b/axum-extra/src/extract/query.rs
index 7822f108..695ea957 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/extract/query.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/extract/query.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::FromRequestParts,
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
     Error,
@@ -82,7 +81,6 @@ use std::fmt;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
 pub struct Query<T>(pub T);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<T, S> FromRequestParts<S> for Query<T>
 where
     T: DeserializeOwned,
@@ -187,7 +185,6 @@ impl std::error::Error for QueryRejection {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
 pub struct OptionalQuery<T>(pub Option<T>);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<T, S> FromRequestParts<S> for OptionalQuery<T>
 where
     T: DeserializeOwned,
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/extract/with_rejection.rs b/axum-extra/src/extract/with_rejection.rs
index 000672fe..c093f6fa 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/extract/with_rejection.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/extract/with_rejection.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use axum::async_trait;
 use axum::extract::{FromRequest, FromRequestParts, Request};
 use axum::response::IntoResponse;
 use http::request::Parts;
@@ -110,7 +109,6 @@ impl<E, R> DerefMut for WithRejection<E, R> {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<E, R, S> FromRequest<S> for WithRejection<E, R>
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -125,7 +123,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<E, R, S> FromRequestParts<S> for WithRejection<E, R>
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -169,7 +166,6 @@ mod tests {
         struct TestExtractor;
         struct TestRejection;
 
-        #[async_trait]
         impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for TestExtractor
         where
             S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/handler/mod.rs b/axum-extra/src/handler/mod.rs
index 4017e149..915852a1 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/handler/mod.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/handler/mod.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ pub trait HandlerCallWithExtractors<T, S>: Sized {
     /// use axum_extra::handler::HandlerCallWithExtractors;
     /// use axum::{
     ///     Router,
-    ///     async_trait,
     ///     routing::get,
     ///     extract::FromRequestParts,
     /// };
@@ -68,7 +67,6 @@ pub trait HandlerCallWithExtractors<T, S>: Sized {
     /// // extractors for checking permissions
     /// struct AdminPermissions {}
     ///
-    /// #[async_trait]
     /// impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for AdminPermissions
     /// where
     ///     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -82,7 +80,6 @@ pub trait HandlerCallWithExtractors<T, S>: Sized {
     ///
     /// struct User {}
     ///
-    /// #[async_trait]
     /// impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for User
     /// where
     ///     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/json_lines.rs b/axum-extra/src/json_lines.rs
index ec955e79..7c513f96 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/json_lines.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/json_lines.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 //! Newline delimited JSON extractor and response.
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     body::Body,
     extract::{FromRequest, Request},
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
@@ -99,7 +98,6 @@ impl<S> JsonLines<S, AsResponse> {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, T> FromRequest<S> for JsonLines<T, AsExtractor>
 where
     T: DeserializeOwned,
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/protobuf.rs b/axum-extra/src/protobuf.rs
index ac0f0952..e4abe041 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/protobuf.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/protobuf.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 //! Protocol Buffer extractor and response.
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{rejection::BytesRejection, FromRequest, Request},
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
 };
@@ -90,7 +89,6 @@ use prost::Message;
 #[must_use]
 pub struct Protobuf<T>(pub T);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<T, S> FromRequest<S> for Protobuf<T>
 where
     T: Message + Default,
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/typed_header.rs b/axum-extra/src/typed_header.rs
index a5298b71..701a6dd0 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/typed_header.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/typed_header.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 //! Extractor and response for typed headers.
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::FromRequestParts,
     response::{IntoResponse, IntoResponseParts, Response, ResponseParts},
 };
@@ -55,7 +54,6 @@ use std::convert::Infallible;
 #[must_use]
 pub struct TypedHeader<T>(pub T);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<T, S> FromRequestParts<S> for TypedHeader<T>
 where
     T: Header,
diff --git a/axum-macros/src/from_request.rs b/axum-macros/src/from_request.rs
index c5826307..a6c95ab7 100644
--- a/axum-macros/src/from_request.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/src/from_request.rs
@@ -373,7 +373,6 @@ fn impl_struct_by_extracting_each_field(
 
     Ok(match tr {
         Trait::FromRequest => quote! {
-            #[::axum::async_trait]
             #[automatically_derived]
             impl<#impl_generics> ::axum::extract::FromRequest<#trait_generics> for #ident
             where
@@ -390,7 +389,6 @@ fn impl_struct_by_extracting_each_field(
             }
         },
         Trait::FromRequestParts => quote! {
-            #[::axum::async_trait]
             #[automatically_derived]
             impl<#impl_generics> ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<#trait_generics> for #ident
             where
@@ -435,7 +433,7 @@ fn extract_fields(
         }
     }
 
-    fn into_inner(via: Option<(attr::kw::via, syn::Path)>, ty_span: Span) -> TokenStream {
+    fn into_inner(via: &Option<(attr::kw::via, syn::Path)>, ty_span: Span) -> TokenStream {
         if let Some((_, path)) = via {
             let span = path.span();
             quote_spanned! {span=>
@@ -448,6 +446,23 @@ fn extract_fields(
         }
     }
 
+    fn into_outer(
+        via: &Option<(attr::kw::via, syn::Path)>,
+        ty_span: Span,
+        field_ty: &Type,
+    ) -> TokenStream {
+        if let Some((_, path)) = via {
+            let span = path.span();
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                #path<#field_ty>
+            }
+        } else {
+            quote_spanned! {ty_span=>
+                #field_ty
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     let mut fields_iter = fields.iter();
 
     let last = match tr {
@@ -464,16 +479,17 @@ fn extract_fields(
 
             let member = member(field, index);
             let ty_span = field.ty.span();
-            let into_inner = into_inner(via, ty_span);
+            let into_inner = into_inner(&via, ty_span);
 
             if peel_option(&field.ty).is_some() {
+                let field_ty = into_outer(&via, ty_span, peel_option(&field.ty).unwrap());
                 let tokens = match tr {
                     Trait::FromRequest => {
                         quote_spanned! {ty_span=>
                             #member: {
                                 let (mut parts, body) = req.into_parts();
                                 let value =
-                                    ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts::from_request_parts(
+                                    <#field_ty as ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<_>>::from_request_parts(
                                         &mut parts,
                                         state,
                                     )
@@ -488,7 +504,7 @@ fn extract_fields(
                     Trait::FromRequestParts => {
                         quote_spanned! {ty_span=>
                             #member: {
-                                ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts::from_request_parts(
+                                <#field_ty as ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<_>>::from_request_parts(
                                     parts,
                                     state,
                                 )
@@ -501,13 +517,14 @@ fn extract_fields(
                 };
                 Ok(tokens)
             } else if peel_result_ok(&field.ty).is_some() {
+                let field_ty = into_outer(&via,ty_span, peel_result_ok(&field.ty).unwrap());
                 let tokens = match tr {
                     Trait::FromRequest => {
                         quote_spanned! {ty_span=>
                             #member: {
                                 let (mut parts, body) = req.into_parts();
                                 let value =
-                                    ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts::from_request_parts(
+                                    <#field_ty as ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<_>>::from_request_parts(
                                         &mut parts,
                                         state,
                                     )
@@ -521,7 +538,7 @@ fn extract_fields(
                     Trait::FromRequestParts => {
                         quote_spanned! {ty_span=>
                             #member: {
-                                ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts::from_request_parts(
+                                <#field_ty as ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<_>>::from_request_parts(
                                     parts,
                                     state,
                                 )
@@ -533,6 +550,7 @@ fn extract_fields(
                 };
                 Ok(tokens)
             } else {
+                let field_ty = into_outer(&via,ty_span,&field.ty);
                 let map_err = if let Some(rejection) = rejection {
                     quote! { <#rejection as ::std::convert::From<_>>::from }
                 } else {
@@ -545,7 +563,7 @@ fn extract_fields(
                             #member: {
                                 let (mut parts, body) = req.into_parts();
                                 let value =
-                                    ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts::from_request_parts(
+                                    <#field_ty as ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<_>>::from_request_parts(
                                         &mut parts,
                                         state,
                                     )
@@ -560,7 +578,7 @@ fn extract_fields(
                     Trait::FromRequestParts => {
                         quote_spanned! {ty_span=>
                             #member: {
-                                ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts::from_request_parts(
+                                <#field_ty as ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<_>>::from_request_parts(
                                     parts,
                                     state,
                                 )
@@ -582,26 +600,29 @@ fn extract_fields(
 
         let member = member(field, fields.len() - 1);
         let ty_span = field.ty.span();
-        let into_inner = into_inner(via, ty_span);
+        let into_inner = into_inner(&via, ty_span);
 
         let item = if peel_option(&field.ty).is_some() {
+            let field_ty = into_outer(&via, ty_span, peel_option(&field.ty).unwrap());
             quote_spanned! {ty_span=>
                 #member: {
-                    ::axum::extract::FromRequest::from_request(req, state)
+                    <#field_ty as ::axum::extract::FromRequest<_, _>>::from_request(req, state)
                         .await
                         .ok()
                         .map(#into_inner)
                 },
             }
         } else if peel_result_ok(&field.ty).is_some() {
+            let field_ty = into_outer(&via, ty_span, peel_result_ok(&field.ty).unwrap());
             quote_spanned! {ty_span=>
                 #member: {
-                    ::axum::extract::FromRequest::from_request(req, state)
+                    <#field_ty as ::axum::extract::FromRequest<_, _>>::from_request(req, state)
                         .await
                         .map(#into_inner)
                 },
             }
         } else {
+            let field_ty = into_outer(&via, ty_span, &field.ty);
             let map_err = if let Some(rejection) = rejection {
                 quote! { <#rejection as ::std::convert::From<_>>::from }
             } else {
@@ -610,7 +631,7 @@ fn extract_fields(
 
             quote_spanned! {ty_span=>
                 #member: {
-                    ::axum::extract::FromRequest::from_request(req, state)
+                    <#field_ty as ::axum::extract::FromRequest<_, _>>::from_request(req, state)
                         .await
                         .map(#into_inner)
                         .map_err(#map_err)?
@@ -807,7 +828,6 @@ fn impl_struct_by_extracting_all_at_once(
     let tokens = match tr {
         Trait::FromRequest => {
             quote_spanned! {path_span=>
-                #[::axum::async_trait]
                 #[automatically_derived]
                 impl<#impl_generics> ::axum::extract::FromRequest<#trait_generics> for #ident #ident_generics
                 where
@@ -821,7 +841,7 @@ fn impl_struct_by_extracting_all_at_once(
                         req: ::axum::http::Request<::axum::body::Body>,
                         state: &#state,
                     ) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, Self::Rejection> {
-                        ::axum::extract::FromRequest::from_request(req, state)
+                        <#via_path<#via_type_generics> as ::axum::extract::FromRequest<_, _>>::from_request(req, state)
                             .await
                             .map(|#via_path(value)| #value_to_self)
                             .map_err(#map_err)
@@ -831,7 +851,6 @@ fn impl_struct_by_extracting_all_at_once(
         }
         Trait::FromRequestParts => {
             quote_spanned! {path_span=>
-                #[::axum::async_trait]
                 #[automatically_derived]
                 impl<#impl_generics> ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<#trait_generics> for #ident #ident_generics
                 where
@@ -845,7 +864,7 @@ fn impl_struct_by_extracting_all_at_once(
                         parts: &mut ::axum::http::request::Parts,
                         state: &#state,
                     ) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, Self::Rejection> {
-                        ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts::from_request_parts(parts, state)
+                        <#via_path<#via_type_generics> as ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<_>>::from_request_parts(parts, state)
                             .await
                             .map(|#via_path(value)| #value_to_self)
                             .map_err(#map_err)
@@ -920,7 +939,6 @@ fn impl_enum_by_extracting_all_at_once(
     let tokens = match tr {
         Trait::FromRequest => {
             quote_spanned! {path_span=>
-                #[::axum::async_trait]
                 #[automatically_derived]
                 impl<#impl_generics> ::axum::extract::FromRequest<#trait_generics> for #ident
                 where
@@ -932,7 +950,7 @@ fn impl_enum_by_extracting_all_at_once(
                         req: ::axum::http::Request<::axum::body::Body>,
                         state: &#state,
                     ) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, Self::Rejection> {
-                        ::axum::extract::FromRequest::from_request(req, state)
+                        <#path::<#ident> as ::axum::extract::FromRequest<_, _>>::from_request(req, state)
                             .await
                             .map(|#path(inner)| inner)
                             .map_err(#map_err)
@@ -942,7 +960,6 @@ fn impl_enum_by_extracting_all_at_once(
         }
         Trait::FromRequestParts => {
             quote_spanned! {path_span=>
-                #[::axum::async_trait]
                 #[automatically_derived]
                 impl<#impl_generics> ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<#trait_generics> for #ident
                 where
@@ -954,7 +971,7 @@ fn impl_enum_by_extracting_all_at_once(
                         parts: &mut ::axum::http::request::Parts,
                         state: &#state,
                     ) -> ::std::result::Result<Self, Self::Rejection> {
-                        ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts::from_request_parts(parts, state)
+                        <#path::<#ident> as ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<_>>::from_request_parts(parts, state)
                             .await
                             .map(|#path(inner)| inner)
                             .map_err(#map_err)
diff --git a/axum-macros/src/lib.rs b/axum-macros/src/lib.rs
index f1de3ce8..f5aeaab7 100644
--- a/axum-macros/src/lib.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/src/lib.rs
@@ -246,7 +246,6 @@ use from_request::Trait::{FromRequest, FromRequestParts};
 ///
 /// struct MyInnerType;
 ///
-/// #[axum::async_trait]
 /// impl FromRequestParts<CustomState> for MyInnerType {
 ///     // ...
 ///     # type Rejection = ();
diff --git a/axum-macros/src/typed_path.rs b/axum-macros/src/typed_path.rs
index 61db3eb9..61e1695b 100644
--- a/axum-macros/src/typed_path.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/src/typed_path.rs
@@ -133,7 +133,6 @@ fn expand_named_fields(
     let map_err_rejection = map_err_rejection(&rejection);
 
     let from_request_impl = quote! {
-        #[::axum::async_trait]
         #[automatically_derived]
         impl<S> ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<S> for #ident
         where
@@ -238,7 +237,6 @@ fn expand_unnamed_fields(
     let map_err_rejection = map_err_rejection(&rejection);
 
     let from_request_impl = quote! {
-        #[::axum::async_trait]
         #[automatically_derived]
         impl<S> ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<S> for #ident
         where
@@ -322,7 +320,6 @@ fn expand_unit_fields(
     };
 
     let from_request_impl = quote! {
-        #[::axum::async_trait]
         #[automatically_derived]
         impl<S> ::axum::extract::FromRequestParts<S> for #ident
         where
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_mut.rs b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_mut.rs
index 21ae99d6..eb17c1df 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_mut.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_mut.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
-use axum::{
-    async_trait,
-    extract::{Request, FromRequest},
-};
+use axum::extract::{FromRequest, Request};
 use axum_macros::debug_handler;
 
 struct A;
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for A
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_mut.stderr b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_mut.stderr
index 595786bf..0610a22a 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_mut.stderr
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_mut.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: Handlers must only take owned values
-  --> tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_mut.rs:23:22
+  --> tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_mut.rs:19:22
    |
-23 |     async fn handler(&mut self) {}
+19 |     async fn handler(&mut self) {}
    |                      ^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_ref.rs b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_ref.rs
index 8e328119..d70c5f23 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_ref.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_ref.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
-use axum::{
-    async_trait,
-    extract::{Request, FromRequest},
-};
+use axum::extract::{FromRequest, Request};
 use axum_macros::debug_handler;
 
 struct A;
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for A
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_ref.stderr b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_ref.stderr
index 4c0b4950..d475c509 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_ref.stderr
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_ref.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error: Handlers must only take owned values
-  --> tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_ref.rs:23:22
+  --> tests/debug_handler/fail/extract_self_ref.rs:19:22
    |
-23 |     async fn handler(&self) {}
+19 |     async fn handler(&self) {}
    |                      ^^^^^
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/pass/result_impl_into_response.rs b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/pass/result_impl_into_response.rs
index 782fc930..f23c9b62 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/pass/result_impl_into_response.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/pass/result_impl_into_response.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use axum::{async_trait, extract::FromRequestParts, http::request::Parts, response::IntoResponse};
+use axum::{extract::FromRequestParts, http::request::Parts, response::IntoResponse};
 use axum_macros::debug_handler;
 
 fn main() {}
@@ -115,7 +115,6 @@ impl A {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for A
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/pass/self_receiver.rs b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/pass/self_receiver.rs
index 9b722845..3fbcc4e0 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/pass/self_receiver.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/pass/self_receiver.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
-use axum::{
-    async_trait,
-    extract::{Request, FromRequest},
-};
+use axum::extract::{FromRequest, Request};
 use axum_macros::debug_handler;
 
 struct A;
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for A
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -18,7 +14,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for Box<A>
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/pass/set_state.rs b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/pass/set_state.rs
index 60a7a330..72bba5ae 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/pass/set_state.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/debug_handler/pass/set_state.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
+use axum::extract::{FromRef, FromRequest, Request};
 use axum_macros::debug_handler;
-use axum::extract::{Request, FromRef, FromRequest};
-use axum::async_trait;
 
 #[debug_handler(state = AppState)]
 async fn handler(_: A) {}
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ struct AppState;
 
 struct A;
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for A
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/fail/parts_extracting_body.stderr b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/fail/parts_extracting_body.stderr
index d732f2cb..d2401803 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/fail/parts_extracting_body.stderr
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/fail/parts_extracting_body.stderr
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `String: FromRequestParts<S>` is not satisfied
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `String: FromRequestParts<_>` is not satisfied
  --> tests/from_request/fail/parts_extracting_body.rs:5:11
   |
 5 |     body: String,
-  |           ^^^^^^ the trait `FromRequestParts<S>` is not implemented for `String`
+  |           ^^^^^^ the trait `FromRequestParts<_>` is not implemented for `String`
   |
   = note: Function argument is not a valid axum extractor.
           See `https://docs.rs/axum/0.7/axum/extract/index.html` for details
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/override_rejection.rs b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/override_rejection.rs
index 25e399b4..736006ed 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/override_rejection.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/override_rejection.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
-    extract::{Request, rejection::ExtensionRejection, FromRequest},
+    body::Body,
+    extract::{rejection::ExtensionRejection, FromRequest, Request},
     http::StatusCode,
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
     routing::get,
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ struct MyExtractor {
 
 struct OtherExtractor;
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for OtherExtractor
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/override_rejection_parts.rs b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/override_rejection_parts.rs
index 8ef9cb22..7cc27de2 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/override_rejection_parts.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/override_rejection_parts.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{rejection::ExtensionRejection, FromRequestParts},
     http::{request::Parts, StatusCode},
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
@@ -26,7 +25,6 @@ struct MyExtractor {
 
 struct OtherExtractor;
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for OtherExtractor
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/typed_path/fail/not_deserialize.stderr b/axum-macros/tests/typed_path/fail/not_deserialize.stderr
index c3a46d28..ed2c9d75 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/typed_path/fail/not_deserialize.stderr
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/typed_path/fail/not_deserialize.stderr
@@ -1,3 +1,24 @@
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `for<'de> MyPath: serde::de::Deserialize<'de>` is not satisfied
+ --> tests/typed_path/fail/not_deserialize.rs:3:10
+  |
+3 | #[derive(TypedPath)]
+  |          ^^^^^^^^^ the trait `for<'de> serde::de::Deserialize<'de>` is not implemented for `MyPath`, which is required by `axum::extract::Path<MyPath>: FromRequestParts<S>`
+  |
+  = note: for local types consider adding `#[derive(serde::Deserialize)]` to your `MyPath` type
+  = note: for types from other crates check whether the crate offers a `serde` feature flag
+  = help: the following other types implement trait `serde::de::Deserialize<'de>`:
+            &'a [u8]
+            &'a serde_json::raw::RawValue
+            &'a std::path::Path
+            &'a str
+            ()
+            (T,)
+            (T0, T1)
+            (T0, T1, T2)
+          and $N others
+  = note: required for `MyPath` to implement `serde::de::DeserializeOwned`
+  = note: required for `axum::extract::Path<MyPath>` to implement `FromRequestParts<S>`
+
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `MyPath: serde::de::DeserializeOwned` is not satisfied
  --> tests/typed_path/fail/not_deserialize.rs:3:10
   |
@@ -16,7 +37,6 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `MyPath: serde::de::DeserializeOwned` is not satis
           and $N others
   = note: required for `MyPath` to implement `serde::de::DeserializeOwned`
   = note: required for `axum::extract::Path<MyPath>` to implement `FromRequestParts<S>`
-  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `TypedPath` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `MyPath: serde::de::DeserializeOwned` is not satisfied
  --> tests/typed_path/fail/not_deserialize.rs:3:10
@@ -36,4 +56,4 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `MyPath: serde::de::DeserializeOwned` is not satis
           and $N others
   = note: required for `MyPath` to implement `serde::de::DeserializeOwned`
   = note: required for `axum::extract::Path<MyPath>` to implement `FromRequestParts<S>`
-  = note: this error originates in the attribute macro `::axum::async_trait` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+  = note: this error originates in the derive macro `TypedPath` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
diff --git a/axum/CHANGELOG.md b/axum/CHANGELOG.md
index e1d73a32..b897e757 100644
--- a/axum/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/axum/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -626,7 +626,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
   ```rust
   struct MyExtractor { /* ... */ }
 
-  #[async_trait]
   impl<B> FromRequest<B> for MyExtractor
   where
       B: Send,
@@ -645,13 +644,11 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
   use axum::{
       extract::{FromRequest, FromRequestParts},
       http::{StatusCode, Request, request::Parts},
-      async_trait,
   };
 
   struct MyExtractor { /* ... */ }
 
   // implement `FromRequestParts` if you don't need to consume the request body
-  #[async_trait]
   impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for MyExtractor
   where
       S: Send + Sync,
@@ -664,7 +661,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
   }
 
   // implement `FromRequest` if you do need to consume the request body
-  #[async_trait]
   impl<S, B> FromRequest<S, B> for MyExtractor
   where
       S: Send + Sync,
@@ -1212,7 +1208,6 @@ Yanked, as it didn't compile in release mode.
   ```rust
   struct MyExtractor { /* ... */ }
 
-  #[async_trait]
   impl<B> FromRequest<B> for MyExtractor
   where
       B: Send,
@@ -1231,13 +1226,11 @@ Yanked, as it didn't compile in release mode.
   use axum::{
       extract::{FromRequest, FromRequestParts},
       http::{StatusCode, Request, request::Parts},
-      async_trait,
   };
 
   struct MyExtractor { /* ... */ }
 
   // implement `FromRequestParts` if you don't need to consume the request body
-  #[async_trait]
   impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for MyExtractor
   where
       S: Send + Sync,
@@ -1250,7 +1243,6 @@ Yanked, as it didn't compile in release mode.
   }
 
   // implement `FromRequest` if you do need to consume the request body
-  #[async_trait]
   impl<S, B> FromRequest<S, B> for MyExtractor
   where
       S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum/Cargo.toml b/axum/Cargo.toml
index ad593adc..5c419ef3 100644
--- a/axum/Cargo.toml
+++ b/axum/Cargo.toml
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ ws = ["dep:hyper", "tokio", "dep:tokio-tungstenite", "dep:sha1", "dep:base64"]
 __private_docs = ["tower/full", "dep:tower-http"]
 
 [dependencies]
-async-trait = "0.1.67"
 axum-core = { path = "../axum-core", version = "0.4.5" }
 bytes = "1.0"
 futures-util = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"] }
@@ -199,7 +198,6 @@ allowed = [
     "tower_service",
 
     # >=1.0
-    "async_trait",
     "bytes",
     "http",
     "http_body",
diff --git a/axum/src/docs/extract.md b/axum/src/docs/extract.md
index a1710958..4f52a3ad 100644
--- a/axum/src/docs/extract.md
+++ b/axum/src/docs/extract.md
@@ -409,7 +409,6 @@ request body:
 
 ```rust,no_run
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::FromRequestParts,
     routing::get,
     Router,
@@ -422,7 +421,6 @@ use axum::{
 
 struct ExtractUserAgent(HeaderValue);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for ExtractUserAgent
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -452,7 +450,6 @@ If your extractor needs to consume the request body you must implement [`FromReq
 
 ```rust,no_run
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{Request, FromRequest},
     response::{Response, IntoResponse},
     body::{Bytes, Body},
@@ -466,7 +463,6 @@ use axum::{
 
 struct ValidatedBody(Bytes);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for ValidatedBody
 where
     Bytes: FromRequest<S>,
@@ -506,7 +502,6 @@ use axum::{
     extract::{FromRequest, Request, FromRequestParts},
     http::request::Parts,
     body::Body,
-    async_trait,
 };
 use std::convert::Infallible;
 
@@ -514,7 +509,6 @@ use std::convert::Infallible;
 struct MyExtractor;
 
 // `MyExtractor` implements both `FromRequest`
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for MyExtractor
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -528,7 +522,6 @@ where
 }
 
 // and `FromRequestParts`
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for MyExtractor
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -562,7 +555,6 @@ in your implementation.
 
 ```rust
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{Extension, FromRequestParts},
     http::{StatusCode, HeaderMap, request::Parts},
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
@@ -579,7 +571,6 @@ struct AuthenticatedUser {
     // ...
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for AuthenticatedUser
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -633,7 +624,6 @@ use axum::{
     routing::get,
     extract::{Request, FromRequest, FromRequestParts},
     http::{HeaderMap, request::Parts},
-    async_trait,
 };
 use std::time::{Instant, Duration};
 
@@ -644,7 +634,6 @@ struct Timing<E> {
 }
 
 // we must implement both `FromRequestParts`
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, T> FromRequestParts<S> for Timing<T>
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -664,7 +653,6 @@ where
 }
 
 // and `FromRequest`
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, T> FromRequest<S> for Timing<T>
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum/src/extension.rs b/axum/src/extension.rs
index e4d170fb..94854432 100644
--- a/axum/src/extension.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extension.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use crate::{extract::rejection::*, response::IntoResponseParts};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use axum_core::{
     extract::FromRequestParts,
     response::{IntoResponse, Response, ResponseParts},
@@ -70,7 +69,6 @@ use tower_service::Service;
 #[must_use]
 pub struct Extension<T>(pub T);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<T, S> FromRequestParts<S> for Extension<T>
 where
     T: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
diff --git a/axum/src/extract/connect_info.rs b/axum/src/extract/connect_info.rs
index f77db6dd..3d8f9a01 100644
--- a/axum/src/extract/connect_info.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extract/connect_info.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 use crate::extension::AddExtension;
 
 use super::{Extension, FromRequestParts};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use http::request::Parts;
 use std::{
     convert::Infallible,
@@ -139,7 +138,6 @@ opaque_future! {
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 pub struct ConnectInfo<T>(pub T);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, T> FromRequestParts<S> for ConnectInfo<T>
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum/src/extract/host.rs b/axum/src/extract/host.rs
index f1d179a5..62f0dc78 100644
--- a/axum/src/extract/host.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extract/host.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use super::{
     rejection::{FailedToResolveHost, HostRejection},
     FromRequestParts,
 };
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use http::{
     header::{HeaderMap, FORWARDED},
     request::Parts,
@@ -23,7 +22,6 @@ const X_FORWARDED_HOST_HEADER_KEY: &str = "X-Forwarded-Host";
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Host(pub String);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for Host
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum/src/extract/matched_path.rs b/axum/src/extract/matched_path.rs
index 6ac0397c..99599a9c 100644
--- a/axum/src/extract/matched_path.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extract/matched_path.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use super::{rejection::*, FromRequestParts};
 use crate::routing::{RouteId, NEST_TAIL_PARAM_CAPTURE};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use http::request::Parts;
 use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
 
@@ -63,7 +62,6 @@ impl MatchedPath {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for MatchedPath
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum/src/extract/multipart.rs b/axum/src/extract/multipart.rs
index 7a303a47..38ebaf9b 100644
--- a/axum/src/extract/multipart.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extract/multipart.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 
 use super::{FromRequest, Request};
 use crate::body::Bytes;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use axum_core::{
     __composite_rejection as composite_rejection, __define_rejection as define_rejection,
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
@@ -65,7 +64,6 @@ pub struct Multipart {
     inner: multer::Multipart<'static>,
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for Multipart
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum/src/extract/nested_path.rs b/axum/src/extract/nested_path.rs
index 72712a4e..61966a07 100644
--- a/axum/src/extract/nested_path.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extract/nested_path.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use crate::extract::Request;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use axum_core::extract::FromRequestParts;
 use http::request::Parts;
 use tower_layer::{layer_fn, Layer};
@@ -47,7 +46,6 @@ impl NestedPath {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for NestedPath
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum/src/extract/path/mod.rs b/axum/src/extract/path/mod.rs
index fda8364c..d6b9fb12 100644
--- a/axum/src/extract/path/mod.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extract/path/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use crate::{
     routing::url_params::UrlParams,
     util::PercentDecodedStr,
 };
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use axum_core::response::{IntoResponse, Response};
 use http::{request::Parts, StatusCode};
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
@@ -145,7 +144,6 @@ pub struct Path<T>(pub T);
 
 axum_core::__impl_deref!(Path);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<T, S> FromRequestParts<S> for Path<T>
 where
     T: DeserializeOwned + Send,
@@ -446,7 +444,6 @@ impl std::error::Error for FailedToDeserializePathParams {}
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct RawPathParams(Vec<(Arc<str>, PercentDecodedStr)>);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for RawPathParams
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum/src/extract/query.rs b/axum/src/extract/query.rs
index a331b68c..371612b7 100644
--- a/axum/src/extract/query.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extract/query.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use super::{rejection::*, FromRequestParts};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use http::{request::Parts, Uri};
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 
@@ -51,7 +50,6 @@ use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
 pub struct Query<T>(pub T);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<T, S> FromRequestParts<S> for Query<T>
 where
     T: DeserializeOwned,
diff --git a/axum/src/extract/raw_form.rs b/axum/src/extract/raw_form.rs
index a4e0d6c5..29cb4c6d 100644
--- a/axum/src/extract/raw_form.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extract/raw_form.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use axum_core::extract::{FromRequest, Request};
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use http::Method;
@@ -30,7 +29,6 @@ use super::{
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct RawForm(pub Bytes);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for RawForm
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum/src/extract/raw_query.rs b/axum/src/extract/raw_query.rs
index d8c56f84..c792960a 100644
--- a/axum/src/extract/raw_query.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extract/raw_query.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use super::FromRequestParts;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use http::request::Parts;
 use std::convert::Infallible;
 
@@ -25,7 +24,6 @@ use std::convert::Infallible;
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct RawQuery(pub Option<String>);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for RawQuery
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum/src/extract/request_parts.rs b/axum/src/extract/request_parts.rs
index 55bc340b..6ad0c7ac 100644
--- a/axum/src/extract/request_parts.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extract/request_parts.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use super::{Extension, FromRequestParts};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use http::{request::Parts, Uri};
 use std::convert::Infallible;
 
@@ -70,7 +69,6 @@ use std::convert::Infallible;
 pub struct OriginalUri(pub Uri);
 
 #[cfg(feature = "original-uri")]
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for OriginalUri
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum/src/extract/state.rs b/axum/src/extract/state.rs
index fb401c00..e72c2e11 100644
--- a/axum/src/extract/state.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extract/state.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use axum_core::extract::{FromRef, FromRequestParts};
 use http::request::Parts;
 use std::{
@@ -219,13 +218,11 @@ use std::{
 /// ```rust
 /// use axum_core::extract::{FromRequestParts, FromRef};
 /// use http::request::Parts;
-/// use async_trait::async_trait;
 /// use std::convert::Infallible;
 ///
 /// // the extractor your library provides
 /// struct MyLibraryExtractor;
 ///
-/// #[async_trait]
 /// impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for MyLibraryExtractor
 /// where
 ///     // keep `S` generic but require that it can produce a `MyLibraryState`
@@ -344,7 +341,6 @@ use std::{
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct State<S>(pub S);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<OuterState, InnerState> FromRequestParts<OuterState> for State<InnerState>
 where
     InnerState: FromRef<OuterState>,
diff --git a/axum/src/extract/ws.rs b/axum/src/extract/ws.rs
index e91915cb..5a18d190 100644
--- a/axum/src/extract/ws.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extract/ws.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@
 use self::rejection::*;
 use super::FromRequestParts;
 use crate::{body::Bytes, response::Response, Error};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use axum_core::body::Body;
 use futures_util::{
     sink::{Sink, SinkExt},
@@ -381,7 +380,6 @@ impl OnFailedUpgrade for DefaultOnFailedUpgrade {
     fn call(self, _error: Error) {}
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for WebSocketUpgrade<DefaultOnFailedUpgrade>
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/axum/src/form.rs b/axum/src/form.rs
index 966517a1..f754c4c1 100644
--- a/axum/src/form.rs
+++ b/axum/src/form.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use crate::extract::Request;
 use crate::extract::{rejection::*, FromRequest, RawForm};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use axum_core::response::{IntoResponse, Response};
 use axum_core::RequestExt;
 use http::header::CONTENT_TYPE;
@@ -72,7 +71,6 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 #[must_use]
 pub struct Form<T>(pub T);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<T, S> FromRequest<S> for Form<T>
 where
     T: DeserializeOwned,
diff --git a/axum/src/json.rs b/axum/src/json.rs
index 854ead4e..d18e6ffe 100644
--- a/axum/src/json.rs
+++ b/axum/src/json.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use crate::extract::Request;
 use crate::extract::{rejection::*, FromRequest};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use axum_core::response::{IntoResponse, Response};
 use bytes::{BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};
 use http::{
@@ -91,7 +90,6 @@ use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Serialize};
 #[must_use]
 pub struct Json<T>(pub T);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<T, S> FromRequest<S> for Json<T>
 where
     T: DeserializeOwned,
diff --git a/axum/src/lib.rs b/axum/src/lib.rs
index 29796229..64d4a6a2 100644
--- a/axum/src/lib.rs
+++ b/axum/src/lib.rs
@@ -486,8 +486,6 @@ pub mod serve;
 mod test_helpers;
 
 #[doc(no_inline)]
-pub use async_trait::async_trait;
-#[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use http;
 
 #[doc(inline)]
diff --git a/axum/src/middleware/from_extractor.rs b/axum/src/middleware/from_extractor.rs
index 637fd69c..cda0d977 100644
--- a/axum/src/middleware/from_extractor.rs
+++ b/axum/src/middleware/from_extractor.rs
@@ -39,12 +39,10 @@ use tower_service::Service;
 ///     Router,
 ///     http::{header, StatusCode, request::Parts},
 /// };
-/// use async_trait::async_trait;
 ///
 /// // An extractor that performs authorization.
 /// struct RequireAuth;
 ///
-/// #[async_trait]
 /// impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for RequireAuth
 /// where
 ///     S: Send + Sync,
@@ -303,7 +301,7 @@ where
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{async_trait, handler::Handler, routing::get, test_helpers::*, Router};
+    use crate::{handler::Handler, routing::get, test_helpers::*, Router};
     use axum_core::extract::FromRef;
     use http::{header, request::Parts, StatusCode};
     use tower_http::limit::RequestBodyLimitLayer;
@@ -315,7 +313,6 @@ mod tests {
 
         struct RequireAuth;
 
-        #[async_trait::async_trait]
         impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for RequireAuth
         where
             S: Send + Sync,
@@ -367,7 +364,6 @@ mod tests {
     fn works_with_request_body_limit() {
         struct MyExtractor;
 
-        #[async_trait]
         impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for MyExtractor
         where
             S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/examples/consume-body-in-extractor-or-middleware/src/main.rs b/examples/consume-body-in-extractor-or-middleware/src/main.rs
index 473c34b9..3239d6ac 100644
--- a/examples/consume-body-in-extractor-or-middleware/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/consume-body-in-extractor-or-middleware/src/main.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 //! ```
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     body::{Body, Bytes},
     extract::{FromRequest, Request},
     http::StatusCode,
@@ -74,7 +73,6 @@ async fn handler(BufferRequestBody(body): BufferRequestBody) {
 struct BufferRequestBody(Bytes);
 
 // we must implement `FromRequest` (and not `FromRequestParts`) to consume the body
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequest<S> for BufferRequestBody
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/examples/customize-extractor-error/src/custom_extractor.rs b/examples/customize-extractor-error/src/custom_extractor.rs
index 3611fba7..4f75fb44 100644
--- a/examples/customize-extractor-error/src/custom_extractor.rs
+++ b/examples/customize-extractor-error/src/custom_extractor.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 //! - Boilerplate: Requires creating a new extractor for every custom rejection
 //! - Complexity: Manually implementing `FromRequest` results on more complex code
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{rejection::JsonRejection, FromRequest, MatchedPath, Request},
     http::StatusCode,
     response::IntoResponse,
@@ -20,7 +19,6 @@ pub async fn handler(Json(value): Json<Value>) -> impl IntoResponse {
 // We define our own `Json` extractor that customizes the error from `axum::Json`
 pub struct Json<T>(pub T);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, T> FromRequest<S> for Json<T>
 where
     axum::Json<T>: FromRequest<S, Rejection = JsonRejection>,
diff --git a/examples/customize-path-rejection/src/main.rs b/examples/customize-path-rejection/src/main.rs
index def83cc0..8df9057f 100644
--- a/examples/customize-path-rejection/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/customize-path-rejection/src/main.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 //! ```
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{path::ErrorKind, rejection::PathRejection, FromRequestParts},
     http::{request::Parts, StatusCode},
     response::IntoResponse,
@@ -49,7 +48,6 @@ struct Params {
 // We define our own `Path` extractor that customizes the error from `axum::extract::Path`
 struct Path<T>(T);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, T> FromRequestParts<S> for Path<T>
 where
     // these trait bounds are copied from `impl FromRequest for axum::extract::path::Path`
diff --git a/examples/diesel-async-postgres/src/main.rs b/examples/diesel-async-postgres/src/main.rs
index 8a97a9da..44fbb546 100644
--- a/examples/diesel-async-postgres/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/diesel-async-postgres/src/main.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 //! for a real world application using axum and diesel
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{FromRef, FromRequestParts, State},
     http::{request::Parts, StatusCode},
     response::Json,
@@ -102,7 +101,6 @@ struct DatabaseConnection(
     bb8::PooledConnection<'static, AsyncDieselConnectionManager<AsyncPgConnection>>,
 );
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for DatabaseConnection
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/examples/jwt/src/main.rs b/examples/jwt/src/main.rs
index 8df845a4..8b7a7cbe 100644
--- a/examples/jwt/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/jwt/src/main.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 //! ```
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::FromRequestParts,
     http::{request::Parts, StatusCode},
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
@@ -122,7 +121,6 @@ impl AuthBody {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for Claims
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/examples/oauth/src/main.rs b/examples/oauth/src/main.rs
index b35da7c6..30d7d41c 100644
--- a/examples/oauth/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/oauth/src/main.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use async_session::{MemoryStore, Session, SessionStore};
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{FromRef, FromRequestParts, Query, State},
     http::{header::SET_COOKIE, HeaderMap},
     response::{IntoResponse, Redirect, Response},
@@ -254,7 +253,6 @@ impl IntoResponse for AuthRedirect {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for User
 where
     MemoryStore: FromRef<S>,
diff --git a/examples/parse-body-based-on-content-type/src/main.rs b/examples/parse-body-based-on-content-type/src/main.rs
index 035b5707..1e4fc1ac 100644
--- a/examples/parse-body-based-on-content-type/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/parse-body-based-on-content-type/src/main.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 //! ```
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{FromRequest, Request},
     http::{header::CONTENT_TYPE, StatusCode},
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
@@ -48,7 +47,6 @@ async fn handler(JsonOrForm(payload): JsonOrForm<Payload>) {
 
 struct JsonOrForm<T>(T);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S, T> FromRequest<S> for JsonOrForm<T>
 where
     S: Send + Sync,
diff --git a/examples/sqlx-postgres/src/main.rs b/examples/sqlx-postgres/src/main.rs
index fb8a855d..904a5a8a 100644
--- a/examples/sqlx-postgres/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/sqlx-postgres/src/main.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 //! ```
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{FromRef, FromRequestParts, State},
     http::{request::Parts, StatusCode},
     routing::get,
@@ -75,7 +74,6 @@ async fn using_connection_pool_extractor(
 // which setup is appropriate depends on your application
 struct DatabaseConnection(sqlx::pool::PoolConnection<sqlx::Postgres>);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for DatabaseConnection
 where
     PgPool: FromRef<S>,
diff --git a/examples/tokio-postgres/src/main.rs b/examples/tokio-postgres/src/main.rs
index 8980f621..7df9917b 100644
--- a/examples/tokio-postgres/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/tokio-postgres/src/main.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 //! ```
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{FromRef, FromRequestParts, State},
     http::{request::Parts, StatusCode},
     routing::get,
@@ -68,7 +67,6 @@ async fn using_connection_pool_extractor(
 // which setup is appropriate depends on your application
 struct DatabaseConnection(PooledConnection<'static, PostgresConnectionManager<NoTls>>);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for DatabaseConnection
 where
     ConnectionPool: FromRef<S>,
diff --git a/examples/tokio-redis/src/main.rs b/examples/tokio-redis/src/main.rs
index b767a514..105b1de4 100644
--- a/examples/tokio-redis/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/tokio-redis/src/main.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 //! ```
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{FromRef, FromRequestParts, State},
     http::{request::Parts, StatusCode},
     routing::get,
@@ -71,7 +70,6 @@ async fn using_connection_pool_extractor(
 // which setup is appropriate depends on your application
 struct DatabaseConnection(PooledConnection<'static, RedisConnectionManager>);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for DatabaseConnection
 where
     ConnectionPool: FromRef<S>,
diff --git a/examples/validator/Cargo.toml b/examples/validator/Cargo.toml
index cd518393..8a7e6928 100644
--- a/examples/validator/Cargo.toml
+++ b/examples/validator/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ publish = false
 version = "0.1.0"
 
 [dependencies]
-async-trait = "0.1.67"
 axum = { path = "../../axum" }
 serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
 thiserror = "1.0.29"
diff --git a/examples/validator/src/main.rs b/examples/validator/src/main.rs
index 5612333b..00e46173 100644
--- a/examples/validator/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/validator/src/main.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 //! -> <h1>Hello, LT!</h1>
 //! ```
 
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use axum::{
     extract::{rejection::FormRejection, Form, FromRequest, Request},
     http::StatusCode,
@@ -56,7 +55,6 @@ async fn handler(ValidatedForm(input): ValidatedForm<NameInput>) -> Html<String>
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
 pub struct ValidatedForm<T>(pub T);
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<T, S> FromRequest<S> for ValidatedForm<T>
 where
     T: DeserializeOwned + Validate,
diff --git a/examples/versioning/src/main.rs b/examples/versioning/src/main.rs
index 4ada19b8..58ea496d 100644
--- a/examples/versioning/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/versioning/src/main.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 //! ```
 
 use axum::{
-    async_trait,
     extract::{FromRequestParts, Path},
     http::{request::Parts, StatusCode},
     response::{IntoResponse, Response},
@@ -47,7 +46,6 @@ enum Version {
     V3,
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl<S> FromRequestParts<S> for Version
 where
     S: Send + Sync,