path: root/crates/nu-command/src/system/run_external.rs

use nu_cmd_base::hook::eval_hook;
use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, env_to_strings, get_eval_expression};
use nu_protocol::{
    ast::{Expr, Expression},
    did_you_mean,
    process::ChildProcess,
    ByteStream, NuGlob, OutDest,
};
use nu_system::ForegroundChild;
use nu_utils::IgnoreCaseExt;
use std::{
    borrow::Cow,
    io::Write,
    path::{Path, PathBuf},
    process::Stdio,
    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
    thread,
};

#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct External;

impl Command for External {
    fn name(&self) -> &str {
        "run-external"
    }

    fn usage(&self) -> &str {
        "Runs external command."
    }

    fn signature(&self) -> nu_protocol::Signature {
        Signature::build(self.name())
            .input_output_types(vec![(Type::Any, Type::Any)])
            .required("command", SyntaxShape::String, "External command to run.")
            .rest("args", SyntaxShape::Any, "Arguments for external command.")
            .category(Category::System)
    }

    fn run(
        &self,
        engine_state: &EngineState,
        stack: &mut Stack,
        call: &Call,
        input: PipelineData,
    ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
        let cwd = engine_state.cwd(Some(stack))?;

        // Evaluate the command name in the same way the arguments are evaluated. Since this isn't
        // a spread, it should return a one-element vec.
        let name_expr = call
            .positional_nth(0)
            .ok_or_else(|| ShellError::MissingParameter {
                param_name: "command".into(),
                span: call.head,
            })?;
        let name = eval_argument(engine_state, stack, name_expr, false)?
            .pop()
            .expect("eval_argument returned zero-element vec")
            .into_spanned(name_expr.span);

        // Find the absolute path to the executable. On Windows, set the
        // executable to "cmd.exe" if it's is a CMD internal command. If the
        // command is not found, display a helpful error message.
        let executable = if cfg!(windows) && is_cmd_internal_command(&name.item) {
            PathBuf::from("cmd.exe")
        } else {
            // Expand tilde on the name if it's a bare string (#13000)
            let expanded_name = if is_bare_string(name_expr) {
                expand_tilde(&name.item)
            } else {
                name.item.clone()
            };

            // Determine the PATH to be used and then use `which` to find it - though this has no
            // effect if it's an absolute path already
            let paths = nu_engine::env::path_str(engine_state, stack, call.head)?;
            let Some(executable) = which(&expanded_name, &paths, &cwd) else {
                return Err(command_not_found(
                    &name.item,
                    call.head,
                    engine_state,
                    stack,
                ));
            };
            executable
        };

        // Create the command.
        let mut command = std::process::Command::new(executable);

        // Configure PWD.
        command.current_dir(cwd);

        // Configure environment variables.
        let envs = env_to_strings(engine_state, stack)?;
        command.env_clear();
        command.envs(envs);

        // Configure args.
        let args = eval_arguments_from_call(engine_state, stack, call)?;
        #[cfg(windows)]
        if is_cmd_internal_command(&name.item) {
            use std::os::windows::process::CommandExt;

            // The /D flag disables execution of AutoRun commands from registry.
            // The /C flag followed by a command name instructs CMD to execute
            // that command and quit.
            command.args(["/D", "/C", &name.item]);
            for arg in &args {
                command.raw_arg(escape_cmd_argument(arg)?.as_ref());
            }
        } else {
            command.args(args.into_iter().map(|s| s.item));
        }
        #[cfg(not(windows))]
        command.args(args.into_iter().map(|s| s.item));

        // Configure stdout and stderr. If both are set to `OutDest::Pipe`,
        // we'll setup a pipe that merge two streams into one.
        let stdout = stack.stdout();
        let stderr = stack.stderr();
        let merged_stream = if matches!(stdout, OutDest::Pipe) && matches!(stderr, OutDest::Pipe) {
            let (reader, writer) = os_pipe::pipe()?;
            command.stdout(writer.try_clone()?);
            command.stderr(writer);
            Some(reader)
        } else {
            command.stdout(Stdio::try_from(stdout)?);
            command.stderr(Stdio::try_from(stderr)?);
            None
        };

        // Configure stdin. We'll try connecting input to the child process
        // directly. If that's not possible, we'll setup a pipe and spawn a
        // thread to copy data into the child process.
        let data_to_copy_into_stdin = match input {
            PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, metadata) => match stream.into_stdio() {
                Ok(stdin) => {
                    command.stdin(stdin);
                    None
                }
                Err(stream) => {
                    command.stdin(Stdio::piped());
                    Some(PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, metadata))
                }
            },
            PipelineData::Empty => {
                command.stdin(Stdio::inherit());
                None
            }
            value => {
                command.stdin(Stdio::piped());
                Some(value)
            }
        };

        // Log the command we're about to run in case it's useful for debugging purposes.
        log::trace!("run-external spawning: {command:?}");

        // Spawn the child process. On Unix, also put the child process to
        // foreground if we're in an interactive session.
        #[cfg(windows)]
        let mut child = ForegroundChild::spawn(command)?;
        #[cfg(unix)]
        let mut child = ForegroundChild::spawn(
            command,
            engine_state.is_interactive,
            &engine_state.pipeline_externals_state,
        )?;

        // If we need to copy data into the child process, do it now.
        if let Some(data) = data_to_copy_into_stdin {
            let stdin = child.as_mut().stdin.take().expect("stdin is piped");
            let engine_state = engine_state.clone();
            let stack = stack.clone();
            thread::Builder::new()
                .name("external stdin worker".into())
                .spawn(move || {
                    let _ = write_pipeline_data(engine_state, stack, data, stdin);
                })
                .err_span(call.head)?;
        }

        // Wrap the output into a `PipelineData::ByteStream`.
        let child = ChildProcess::new(
            child,
            merged_stream,
            matches!(stderr, OutDest::Pipe),
            call.head,
        )?;
        Ok(PipelineData::ByteStream(
            ByteStream::child(child, call.head),
            None,
        ))
    }

    fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
        vec![
            Example {
                description: "Run an external command",
                example: r#"run-external "echo" "-n" "hello""#,
                result: None,
            },
            Example {
                description: "Redirect stdout from an external command into the pipeline",
                example: r#"run-external "echo" "-n" "hello" | split chars"#,
                result: None,
            },
            Example {
                description: "Redirect stderr from an external command into the pipeline",
                example: r#"run-external "nu" "-c" "print -e hello" e>| split chars"#,
                result: None,
            },
        ]
    }
}

/// Removes surrounding quotes from a string. Doesn't remove quotes from raw
/// strings. Returns the original string if it doesn't have matching quotes.
fn remove_quotes(s: &str) -> &str {
    let quoted_by_double_quotes = s.len() >= 2 && s.starts_with('"') && s.ends_with('"');
    let quoted_by_single_quotes = s.len() >= 2 && s.starts_with('\'') && s.ends_with('\'');
    let quoted_by_backticks = s.len() >= 2 && s.starts_with('`') && s.ends_with('`');
    if quoted_by_double_quotes || quoted_by_single_quotes || quoted_by_backticks {
        &s[1..s.len() - 1]
    } else {
        s
    }
}

/// Evaluate all arguments from a call, performing expansions when necessary.
pub fn eval_arguments_from_call(
    engine_state: &EngineState,
    stack: &mut Stack,
    call: &Call,
) -> Result<Vec<Spanned<String>>, ShellError> {
    let ctrlc = &engine_state.ctrlc;
    let cwd = engine_state.cwd(Some(stack))?;
    let mut args: Vec<Spanned<String>> = vec![];
    for (expr, spread) in call.rest_iter(1) {
        if is_bare_string(expr) {
            // If `expr` is a bare string, perform tilde-expansion,
            // glob-expansion, and inner-quotes-removal, in that order.
            for arg in eval_argument(engine_state, stack, expr, spread)? {
                let tilde_expanded = expand_tilde(&arg);
                for glob_expanded in expand_glob(&tilde_expanded, &cwd, expr.span, ctrlc)? {
                    let inner_quotes_removed = remove_inner_quotes(&glob_expanded);
                    args.push(inner_quotes_removed.into_owned().into_spanned(expr.span));
                }
            }
        } else {
            for arg in eval_argument(engine_state, stack, expr, spread)? {
                args.push(arg.into_spanned(expr.span));
            }
        }
    }
    Ok(args)
}

/// Evaluates an expression, coercing the values to strings.
///
/// Note: The parser currently has a special hack that retains surrounding
/// quotes for string literals in `Expression`, so that we can decide whether
/// the expression is considered a bare string. The hack doesn't affect string
/// literals within lists or records. This function will remove the quotes
/// before evaluating the expression.
fn eval_argument(
    engine_state: &EngineState,
    stack: &mut Stack,
    expr: &Expression,
    spread: bool,
) -> Result<Vec<String>, ShellError> {
    // Remove quotes from string literals.
    let mut expr = expr.clone();
    if let Expr::String(s) = &expr.expr {
        expr.expr = Expr::String(remove_quotes(s).into());
    }

    let eval = get_eval_expression(engine_state);
    match eval(engine_state, stack, &expr)? {
        Value::List { vals, .. } => {
            if spread {
                vals.into_iter()
                    .map(|val| val.coerce_into_string())
                    .collect()
            } else {
                Err(ShellError::CannotPassListToExternal {
                    arg: String::from_utf8_lossy(engine_state.get_span_contents(expr.span)).into(),
                    span: expr.span,
                })
            }
        }
        value => {
            if spread {
                Err(ShellError::CannotSpreadAsList { span: expr.span })
            } else {
                Ok(vec![value.coerce_into_string()?])
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Returns whether an expression is considered a bare string.
///
/// Bare strings are defined as string literals that are either unquoted or
/// quoted by backticks. Raw strings or string interpolations don't count.
fn is_bare_string(expr: &Expression) -> bool {
    let Expr::String(s) = &expr.expr else {
        return false;
    };
    let quoted_by_double_quotes = s.len() >= 2 && s.starts_with('"') && s.ends_with('"');
    let quoted_by_single_quotes = s.len() >= 2 && s.starts_with('\'') && s.ends_with('\'');
    !quoted_by_double_quotes && !quoted_by_single_quotes
}

/// Performs tilde expansion on `arg`. Returns the original string if `arg`
/// doesn't start with tilde.
fn expand_tilde(arg: &str) -> String {
    nu_path::expand_tilde(arg).to_string_lossy().to_string()
}

/// Performs glob expansion on `arg`. If the expansion found no matches or the pattern
/// is not a valid glob, then this returns the original string as the expansion result.
///
/// Note: This matches the default behavior of Bash, but is known to be
/// error-prone. We might want to change this behavior in the future.
fn expand_glob(
    arg: &str,
    cwd: &Path,
    span: Span,
    interrupt: &Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
) -> Result<Vec<String>, ShellError> {
    const GLOB_CHARS: &[char] = &['*', '?', '['];

    // Don't expand something that doesn't include the GLOB_CHARS
    if !arg.contains(GLOB_CHARS) {
        return Ok(vec![arg.into()]);
    }

    // We must use `nu_engine::glob_from` here, in order to ensure we get paths from the correct
    // dir
    let glob = NuGlob::Expand(arg.to_owned()).into_spanned(span);
    let Ok((_prefix, paths)) = nu_engine::glob_from(&glob, cwd, span, None) else {
        // If an error occurred, return the original input
        return Ok(vec![arg.into()]);
    };

    // If the first component of the original `arg` string path was '.', that should be preserved
    let relative_to_dot = Path::new(arg).starts_with(".");

    let paths = paths
        // Skip over glob failures. These are usually just inaccessible paths.
        .flat_map(|path_result| match path_result {
            Ok(path) => Some(path),
            Err(err) => {
                // But internally log them just in case we need to debug this.
                log::warn!("Error in run_external::expand_glob(): {}", err);
                None
            }
        })
        // Make the paths relative to the cwd
        .map(|path| {
            path.strip_prefix(cwd)
                .map(|path| path.to_owned())
                .unwrap_or(path)
        })
        // Add './' to relative paths if the original pattern had it
        .map(|path| {
            if relative_to_dot && path.is_relative() {
                Path::new(".").join(path)
            } else {
                path
            }
        })
        // Convert the paths returned to UTF-8 strings.
        //
        // FIXME: this fails to return the correct results for non-UTF-8 paths, but we don't support
        // those in Nushell yet.
        .map(|path| path.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
        // Abandon if ctrl-c is pressed
        .map(|path| {
            if !nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(interrupt) {
                Ok(path)
            } else {
                Err(ShellError::InterruptedByUser { span: Some(span) })
            }
        })
        .collect::<Result<Vec<String>, ShellError>>()?;

    if !paths.is_empty() {
        Ok(paths)
    } else {
        // If we failed to match, return the original input
        Ok(vec![arg.into()])
    }
}

/// Transforms `--option="value"` into `--option=value`. `value` can be quoted
/// with double quotes, single quotes, or backticks. Only removes the outermost
/// pair of quotes after the equal sign.
fn remove_inner_quotes(arg: &str) -> Cow<'_, str> {
    // Check that `arg` is a long option.
    if !arg.starts_with("--") {
        return Cow::Borrowed(arg);
    }
    // Split `arg` on the first `=`.
    let Some((option, value)) = arg.split_once('=') else {
        return Cow::Borrowed(arg);
    };
    // Check that `option` doesn't contain quotes.
    if option.contains('"') || option.contains('\'') || option.contains('`') {
        return Cow::Borrowed(arg);
    }
    // Remove the outermost pair of quotes from `value`.
    let value = remove_quotes(value);
    Cow::Owned(format!("{option}={value}"))
}

/// Write `PipelineData` into `writer`. If `PipelineData` is not binary, it is
/// first rendered using the `table` command.
///
/// Note: Avoid using this function when piping data from an external command to
/// another external command, because it copies data unnecessarily. Instead,
/// extract the pipe from the `PipelineData::ByteStream` of the first command
/// and hand it to the second command directly.
fn write_pipeline_data(
    mut engine_state: EngineState,
    mut stack: Stack,
    data: PipelineData,
    mut writer: impl Write,
) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
    if let PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, ..) = data {
        stream.write_to(writer)?;
    } else if let PipelineData::Value(Value::Binary { val, .. }, ..) = data {
        writer.write_all(&val)?;
    } else {
        stack.start_capture();

        // Turn off color as we pass data through
        Arc::make_mut(&mut engine_state.config).use_ansi_coloring = false;

        // Invoke the `table` command.
        let output =
            crate::Table.run(&engine_state, &mut stack, &Call::new(Span::unknown()), data)?;

        // Write the output.
        for value in output {
            let bytes = value.coerce_into_binary()?;
            writer.write_all(&bytes)?;
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

/// Returns a helpful error message given an invalid command name,
pub fn command_not_found(
    name: &str,
    span: Span,
    engine_state: &EngineState,
    stack: &mut Stack,
) -> ShellError {
    // Run the `command_not_found` hook if there is one.
    if let Some(hook) = &engine_state.config.hooks.command_not_found {
        let mut stack = stack.start_capture();
        // Set a special environment variable to avoid infinite loops when the
        // `command_not_found` hook triggers itself.
        let canary = "ENTERED_COMMAND_NOT_FOUND";
        if stack.has_env_var(engine_state, canary) {
            return ShellError::ExternalCommand {
                label: format!(
                    "Command {name} not found while running the `command_not_found` hook"
                ),
                help: "Make sure the `command_not_found` hook itself does not use unknown commands"
                    .into(),
                span,
            };
        }
        stack.add_env_var(canary.into(), Value::bool(true, Span::unknown()));

        let output = eval_hook(
            &mut engine_state.clone(),
            &mut stack,
            None,
            vec![("cmd_name".into(), Value::string(name, span))],
            hook,
            "command_not_found",
        );

        // Remove the special environment variable that we just set.
        stack.remove_env_var(engine_state, canary);

        match output {
            Ok(PipelineData::Value(Value::String { val, .. }, ..)) => {
                return ShellError::ExternalCommand {
                    label: format!("Command `{name}` not found"),
                    help: val,
                    span,
                };
            }
            Err(err) => {
                return err;
            }
            _ => {
                // The hook did not return a string, so ignore it.
            }
        }
    }

    // If the name is one of the removed commands, recommend a replacement.
    if let Some(replacement) = crate::removed_commands().get(&name.to_lowercase()) {
        return ShellError::RemovedCommand {
            removed: name.to_lowercase(),
            replacement: replacement.clone(),
            span,
        };
    }

    // The command might be from another module. Try to find it.
    if let Some(module) = engine_state.which_module_has_decl(name.as_bytes(), &[]) {
        let module = String::from_utf8_lossy(module);
        // Is the command already imported?
        let full_name = format!("{module} {name}");
        if engine_state.find_decl(full_name.as_bytes(), &[]).is_some() {
            return ShellError::ExternalCommand {
                label: format!("Command `{name}` not found"),
                help: format!("Did you mean `{full_name}`?"),
                span,
            };
        } else {
            return ShellError::ExternalCommand {
                label: format!("Command `{name}` not found"),
                help: format!("A command with that name exists in module `{module}`. Try importing it with `use`"),
                span,
            };
        }
    }

    // Try to match the name with the search terms of existing commands.
    let signatures = engine_state.get_signatures(false);
    if let Some(sig) = signatures.iter().find(|sig| {
        sig.search_terms
            .iter()
            .any(|term| term.to_folded_case() == name.to_folded_case())
    }) {
        return ShellError::ExternalCommand {
            label: format!("Command `{name}` not found"),
            help: format!("Did you mean `{}`?", sig.name),
            span,
        };
    }

    // Try a fuzzy search on the names of all existing commands.
    if let Some(cmd) = did_you_mean(signatures.iter().map(|sig| &sig.name), name) {
        // The user is invoking an external command with the same name as a
        // built-in command. Remind them of this.
        if cmd == name {
            return ShellError::ExternalCommand {
                label: format!("Command `{name}` not found"),
                help: "There is a built-in command with the same name".into(),
                span,
            };
        }
        return ShellError::ExternalCommand {
            label: format!("Command `{name}` not found"),
            help: format!("Did you mean `{cmd}`?"),
            span,
        };
    }

    // We found nothing useful. Give up and return a generic error message.
    ShellError::ExternalCommand {
        label: format!("Command `{name}` not found"),
        help: format!("`{name}` is neither a Nushell built-in or a known external command"),
        span,
    }
}

/// Searches for the absolute path of an executable by name. `.bat` and `.cmd`
/// files are recognized as executables on Windows.
///
/// This is a wrapper around `which::which_in()` except that, on Windows, it
/// also searches the current directory before any PATH entries.
///
/// Note: the `which.rs` crate always uses PATHEXT from the environment. As
/// such, changing PATHEXT within Nushell doesn't work without updating the
/// actual environment of the Nushell process.
pub fn which(name: &str, paths: &str, cwd: &Path) -> Option<PathBuf> {
    #[cfg(windows)]
    let paths = format!("{};{}", cwd.display(), paths);
    which::which_in(name, Some(paths), cwd).ok()
}

/// Returns true if `name` is a (somewhat useful) CMD internal command. The full
/// list can be found at https://ss64.com/nt/syntax-internal.html
fn is_cmd_internal_command(name: &str) -> bool {
    const COMMANDS: &[&str] = &[
        "ASSOC", "CLS", "ECHO", "FTYPE", "MKLINK", "PAUSE", "START", "VER", "VOL",
    ];
    COMMANDS.iter().any(|cmd| cmd.eq_ignore_ascii_case(name))
}

/// Returns true if a string contains CMD special characters.
#[cfg(windows)]
fn has_cmd_special_character(s: &str) -> bool {
    const SPECIAL_CHARS: &[char] = &['<', '>', '&', '|', '^'];
    SPECIAL_CHARS.iter().any(|c| s.contains(*c))
}

/// Escape an argument for CMD internal commands. The result can be safely passed to `raw_arg()`.
#[cfg(windows)]
fn escape_cmd_argument(arg: &Spanned<String>) -> Result<Cow<'_, str>, ShellError> {
    let Spanned { item: arg, span } = arg;
    if arg.contains(['\r', '\n', '%']) {
        // \r and \n trunacte the rest of the arguments and % can expand environment variables
        Err(ShellError::ExternalCommand {
            label:
                "Arguments to CMD internal commands cannot contain new lines or percent signs '%'"
                    .into(),
            help: "some characters currently cannot be securely escaped".into(),
            span: *span,
        })
    } else if arg.contains('"') {
        // If `arg` is already quoted by double quotes, confirm there's no
        // embedded double quotes, then leave it as is.
        if arg.chars().filter(|c| *c == '"').count() == 2
            && arg.starts_with('"')
            && arg.ends_with('"')
        {
            Ok(Cow::Borrowed(arg))
        } else {
            Err(ShellError::ExternalCommand {
                label: "Arguments to CMD internal commands cannot contain embedded double quotes"
                    .into(),
                help: "this case currently cannot be securely handled".into(),
                span: *span,
            })
        }
    } else if arg.contains(' ') || has_cmd_special_character(arg) {
        // If `arg` contains space or special characters, quote the entire argument by double quotes.
        Ok(Cow::Owned(format!("\"{arg}\"")))
    } else {
        // FIXME?: what if `arg.is_empty()`?
        Ok(Cow::Borrowed(arg))
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use super::*;
    use nu_protocol::ast::ListItem;
    use nu_test_support::{fs::Stub, playground::Playground};

    #[test]
    fn test_remove_quotes() {
        assert_eq!(remove_quotes(r#""#), r#""#);
        assert_eq!(remove_quotes(r#"'"#), r#"'"#);
        assert_eq!(remove_quotes(r#"''"#), r#""#);
        assert_eq!(remove_quotes(r#""foo""#), r#"foo"#);
        assert_eq!(remove_quotes(r#"`foo '"' bar`"#), r#"foo '"' bar"#);
        assert_eq!(remove_quotes(r#"'foo' bar"#), r#"'foo' bar"#);
        assert_eq!(remove_quotes(r#"r#'foo'#"#), r#"r#'foo'#"#);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_eval_argument() {
        fn expression(expr: Expr) -> Expression {
            Expression {
                expr,
                span: Span::unknown(),
                ty: Type::Any,
                custom_completion: None,
            }
        }

        fn eval(expr: Expr, spread: bool) -> Result<Vec<String>, ShellError> {
            let engine_state = EngineState::new();
            let mut stack = Stack::new();
            eval_argument(&engine_state, &mut stack, &expression(expr), spread)
        }

        let actual = eval(Expr::String("".into()), false).unwrap();
        let expected = &[""];
        assert_eq!(actual, expected);

        let actual = eval(Expr::String("'foo'".into()), false).unwrap();
        let expected = &["foo"];
        assert_eq!(actual, expected);

        let actual = eval(Expr::RawString("'foo'".into()), false).unwrap();
        let expected = &["'foo'"];
        assert_eq!(actual, expected);

        let actual = eval(Expr::List(vec![]), true).unwrap();
        let expected: &[&str] = &[];
        assert_eq!(actual, expected);

        let actual = eval(
            Expr::List(vec![
                ListItem::Item(expression(Expr::String("'foo'".into()))),
                ListItem::Item(expression(Expr::String("bar".into()))),
            ]),
            true,
        )
        .unwrap();
        let expected = &["'foo'", "bar"];
        assert_eq!(actual, expected);

        eval(Expr::String("".into()), true).unwrap_err();
        eval(Expr::List(vec![]), false).unwrap_err();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_expand_glob() {
        Playground::setup("test_expand_glob", |dirs, play| {
            play.with_files(&[Stub::EmptyFile("a.txt"), Stub::EmptyFile("b.txt")]);

            let cwd = dirs.test();

            let actual = expand_glob("*.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &None).unwrap();
            let expected = &["a.txt", "b.txt"];
            assert_eq!(actual, expected);

            let actual = expand_glob("./*.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &None).unwrap();
            let expected = vec![
                Path::new(".").join("a.txt").to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                Path::new(".").join("b.txt").to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
            ];
            assert_eq!(actual, expected);

            let actual = expand_glob("'*.txt'", cwd, Span::unknown(), &None).unwrap();
            let expected = &["'*.txt'"];
            assert_eq!(actual, expected);

            let actual = expand_glob(".", cwd, Span::unknown(), &None).unwrap();
            let expected = &["."];
            assert_eq!(actual, expected);

            let actual = expand_glob("./a.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &None).unwrap();
            let expected = &["./a.txt"];
            assert_eq!(actual, expected);

            let actual = expand_glob("[*.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &None).unwrap();
            let expected = &["[*.txt"];
            assert_eq!(actual, expected);
        })
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_remove_inner_quotes() {
        let actual = remove_inner_quotes(r#"--option=value"#);
        let expected = r#"--option=value"#;
        assert_eq!(actual, expected);

        let actual = remove_inner_quotes(r#"--option="value""#);
        let expected = r#"--option=value"#;
        assert_eq!(actual, expected);

        let actual = remove_inner_quotes(r#"--option='value'"#);
        let expected = r#"--option=value"#;
        assert_eq!(actual, expected);

        let actual = remove_inner_quotes(r#"--option "value""#);
        let expected = r#"--option "value""#;
        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_write_pipeline_data() {
        let engine_state = EngineState::new();
        let stack = Stack::new();

        let mut buf = vec![];
        let input = PipelineData::Empty;
        write_pipeline_data(engine_state.clone(), stack.clone(), input, &mut buf).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(buf, b"");

        let mut buf = vec![];
        let input = PipelineData::Value(Value::string("foo", Span::unknown()), None);
        write_pipeline_data(engine_state.clone(), stack.clone(), input, &mut buf).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(buf, b"foo");

        let mut buf = vec![];
        let input = PipelineData::Value(Value::binary(b"foo", Span::unknown()), None);
        write_pipeline_data(engine_state.clone(), stack.clone(), input, &mut buf).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(buf, b"foo");

        let mut buf = vec![];
        let input = PipelineData::ByteStream(
            ByteStream::read(
                b"foo".as_slice(),
                Span::unknown(),
                None,
                ByteStreamType::Unknown,
            ),
            None,
        );
        write_pipeline_data(engine_state.clone(), stack.clone(), input, &mut buf).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(buf, b"foo");
    }
}